Prehistoric Crete

Prehistoric Crete is primarily associated with the remarkable Minoan civilization, one of the earliest advanced civilizations in Europe. The prehistoric period on the island spans a considerable timeframe, but the most notable and extensively studied era is the Minoan period, characterized by its distinct art, architecture, and cultural achievements. Here's an overview:

Early Prehistory:

1. Neolithic Period (7000–3000 BCE):

   • The earliest known human settlements on Crete date back to the Neolithic period.
   • During this time, people began practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, leading to the establishment of more permanent communities.

2. Early Bronze Age (3000–2100 BCE):

   • The Early Minoan period began around 3000 BCE.
   • The first large settlements emerged, such as Phaistos and Knossos, laying the foundations for the later palatial centers.

Middle Prehistory:

1. Middle Bronze Age (2100–1600 BCE):

   • The Middle Minoan period saw the rise of the Minoan civilization's palaces and the establishment of cultural centers.
   • Development of sophisticated pottery, including the famous Kamares Ware, and the use of Linear A script.

2. Late Bronze Age (1600–1100 BCE):

   • The Late Minoan period is often divided into three sub-phases: LM I, LM II, and LM III.
   • Flourishing of the Minoan palatial centers, including Knossos, Phaistos, and Malia.
   • Extensive trade networks, evidenced by the presence of Minoan artifacts in various parts of the Mediterranean.
   • Artistic and architectural achievements, such as the construction of grand palaces with intricate frescoes.

Minoan Palaces:

1. Knossos:

   • Located near Heraklion, Knossos was the largest and most significant Minoan palace.
   • The palace complex had multiple stories, intricate architecture, and impressive frescoes, including the iconic "Prince of the Lilies."

2. Phaistos:

   • In southern Crete, Phaistos was another major Minoan palace.
   • The Phaistos Disc, a mysterious clay disk inscribed with undeciphered symbols, was discovered at this site.

3. Malia:

   • Located on the northern coast, Malia was another significant palace.
   • Malia is known for its well-preserved quarters and streets, providing insights into Minoan urban planning.

4. Zakros:

   • On the eastern coast, Zakros was the smallest of the major palaces.
   • Known for its strategic location and role in maritime trade.

Decline and End of Prehistoric Crete:

1. Crisis Period (Late Minoan III, circa 1450–1300 BCE):

   • A period of upheaval, often associated with natural disasters, possibly including the eruption of Thera (Santorini).
   • Some palaces were destroyed, and there were significant changes in Minoan society.

2. Mycenaean Influence and Decline (Late Minoan III and Post-LM III):

   • Mycenaean Greeks exerted influence on Crete, leading to a blending of cultures.
   • The decline of the Minoan civilization continued, possibly due to a combination of factors, including the Mycenaean influence, internal unrest, and external invasions.

Prehistoric Crete, especially the Minoan period, left an enduring legacy in terms of art, architecture, and cultural achievements. The island's prehistory laid the groundwork for the subsequent historical periods, marking Crete as a significant center of civilization in the ancient Mediterranean world.